Species and subspecies: A checklist of the birds of Scotland

Introduction

The Scottish List, which was last updated in April 2023, is a statement of the status of those species and subspecies known to have occurred in Scotland and its coastal waters.

The Scottish List was most recently published in full in 2011 (Forrester 2011), since when there have been nine published sets of amendments (Forrester 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021), and this update (Lewis 2023). A full explanation of the procedure for maintaining the list is given in Scottish Birds 22: 33-35.

In 1993 SOC Council delegated to The Scottish Birds Records Committee (SBRC) responsibility for maintaining the Scottish List. SBRC appointed a subcommittee to carry out this function until 2021, when responsibility was handed back to SBRC.

Recording Area

The Scottish List Recording Area follows the EU Fishery Limits as they apply to Scotland. These extend to 200 nautical miles (370 km) from the baseline surrounding Scotland's coast and its outlying islands, or the median line between Scotland and neighbouring countries, whichever is the nearest.

The map shows Scottish waters used for recording of 'at sea' records in relation to the Scottish List. The solid line marks the boundaries of the coastal waters considered by the Scottish List Subcommittee for the purposes of the Scottish List. It follows the ~370 km (200 nautical miles) of the UK Exclusive Economic Zone Limit and the UK Offshore Marine Conservation (Natural Habitats, & c.) Regulations 2007 (UK Government 2007), except for boundaries with Northern Ireland which are instead defined in The Adjacent Waters Boundaries (Northern Ireland) Order 2002 (Marine Scotland 2017); and the territorial waters of ~22 km (12 nautical miles) around the Isle of Man. The named sea areas are shown with their boundaries indicated (R = Rockall). In reality the boundary is usually the median line between Scotland and neighbouring countries, with the 200 nautical mile limit only being reached to the west of Scotland (Bailey and Rockall), in the Atlantic Ocean. The 'at sea' limits are now revised to agree with BOU (2018).

Taxonomy

In recent years there has been an increase in taxonomic activity, reflected in a period of instability. SBRC therefore established several principles for the original version of the Scottish List, which are still followed. The British Ornithologists' Union (BOU) has maintained the official British List since 1883 and SBRC adopts its taxonomy, sequence, and scientific and English names for the Scottish List. Similarly, species categorization follows BOU, and in no instance is a species or subspecies placed in a higher category on the Scottish List than it appears on the British List.

One of the advantages in basing the Scottish List on that used by BOU is that it is compiled in a consistent and scientific manner. A consequence of this approach is that conservation agencies can use the list, safe in the knowledge that a rigorous process was undertaken during its compilation. This may be especially important in advising on legal issues where status of an individual bird may be discussed in court. In 1998, BOU introduced a revised categorisation (British Birds 91:2-11), following consultations with the government's Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC). The JNCC has adopted the British List for decisions concerning the status of birds in Britain in relation to the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. The changes included a new category (Category E) for escapes and a redefining of the previous categories (A-D). The SOC adopted the new categories for the Scottish List with effect from our 2000 Report (Scottish Birds 21: 1-5). Further small changes to the definitions of Categories C and D occurred in 2002 and to Category B in 2013.

In 2007 the British Ornithologists' Union Records Committee (BOURC) adopted the standardized English names recommended by the International Ornithological Congress (IOC), now International Ornithological Union (IOU), in Birds of the World: Recommended English Names (Gill & Wright 2006) and subsequent updates. However, in respect of the British List and publications relating to the List, the BOU always uses the vernacular English name familiar to British birdwatchers, but also includes the IOU International English name when this differs. The International English names used here are those in version 12.2 of the IOC World Bird List (Gill & Donsker 2023).

In 2016 (Scottish Birds 36: 200), we reported that BOURC had disbanded its own Taxonomic Subcommittee and were reviewing global taxonomies with a view to adopting one system for all BOU activities including the British List. BOU subsequently announced that from 1 January 2018 they would adopt the International Ornithological Congress (IOC) World Bird List for all its taxonomic needs, including the British List. The British List: A Checklist of Birds of Britain (9th edition) using the new taxonomy, was published in January 2018 (BOU 2018), resulting in significant changes to the Scottish List.

The BOU website is continually updated and includes the British List, press releases and the most recent committee and taxonomic reports. The BOU's 10th Checklist provides much additional background information.

BOU has not given English names to subspecies, but the SOC has now accepted English names for many subspecies, most of which are established names used within the birding community.

Species categories

A – Species that have been recorded in an apparently natural state at least once since 1 January 1950.

B – Species that were recorded in an apparently natural state at least once between 1 January 1800 and 31 December 1949, but have not been recorded subsequently.

C – Species that although introduced now derive from the resulting self-sustaining populations. Category C has been further subdivided to differentiate between various groups of naturalised species:

  • C1 naturalised introduced species - species that have occurred only as a result of introduction, eg Little Owl.
  • C2 naturalised established species - species with established populations resulting from introduction by man, but which also occur in an apparently natural state, eg Greylag Goose.
  • C3 naturalised re-established species - species with populations successfully re-established by man in areas of former occurrence, eg Red Kite.
  • C4 naturalised feral species - domesticated species with populations established in the wild, eg Rock Dove/Feral Pigeon.
  • C5 vagrant naturalised species - species from established naturalised populations abroad, eg Mandarin Duck.
  • C6 former naturalised species - species formerly placed in C1 whose naturalised populations are either no longer self-sustaining or are considered extinct, eg Golden Pheasant.

D – Species that would otherwise appear in Category A, except that there is reasonable doubt that they have ever occurred in a natural state. Species placed only in Category D form no part of the Scottish List, and are not included in the species totals. Category D species are listed in Appendix 2.

E – Species that have been recorded as introductions, human-assisted transportees or escapees from captivity and whose breeding populations (if any) are thought not to be self-sustaining. Species in Category E that have bred in the wild in Scotland are designated as E*. Category E species form no part of the Scottish List (unless already included within Categories A, B or C).

A species is usually placed in only one category, but some are placed in multiple categories: for example those occurring in Category A that now also have naturalised populations (eg Red Kite).

The Scottish List comprises only those species in Categories A, B and C.

Species appearing in Category D, all of which have occurred in Scotland on less than an annual basis, are tabulated separately, without any further details on subspecies or status.

Status codes

Abbreviated codes are provided for status of each subspecies on the list. We previously followed the codes used by BOU in The Status of Birds in Britain and Ireland 1971, which were also used in Checklist of Birds of Britain and Ireland 6th edition (BOU 1992), but BOU revised the status codes in the 7th edition (BOU 2006), which have now also been adopted for the Scottish List:

RB – Resident breeder

MB – Migrant breeder

CB – Casual breeder

NB – Naturalized breeder

HB – Hybrid breeder

FB – Former breeder

WM – Winter migrant

PM – Passage migrant

SM – Scarce migrant

V – Vagrant

Some of these codes are only generalizations. For example, many forms listed as WM may occasionally be found in summer. With the introduction of three status codes for migrants (including that of vagrant) to replace the former two codes, for Scotland, these codes have been given 'approximate' definitions:

PM – Occurs at least annually on passage

SM – Occurs less than annually, but there have been more than c.20 records

V – There are c.20 or fewer Scottish records.

Records of species and subspecies recorded in Scotland on up to twenty occasions

A comprehensive list, updated annually, is available in tabulated form. Click here to download the list as a PDF file.

Subspecies

Where species are monotypic, nothing is shown in the subspecies column. If a subspecies has an established English name, this is shown.

Endemic subspecies

Subspecies endemic to Scotland are indicated in the status column.

Systematic List

Category Species English vernacular name IOU international Name (if differs from vernacular name) Scientific Species Name (binomen) Subspecies Name (where applicable) Scientific Subspecies Name Status
A,E Brent Goose Brant Goose Branta bernicla Dark-bellied bernicla PM WM
Pale-bellied hrota PM WM
Black Brant nigricans V
A,E Red-breasted Goose Branta ruficollis V
A,C2,E* Canada Goose Branta canadensis Atlantic Canada Goose canadensis NB
Todd's Canada Goose/Lesser Canada Goose interior/parvipes V
A,E* Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis WM
A Cackling Goose Branta hutchinsii Richardson's Cackling Goose hutchinsii V
A,C2,E* Snow Goose Anser caerulescens Lesser caerulescens NB WM
Greater atlanticus V
A,C2C4,E* Greylag Goose Anser anser anser RB NB WM
A,E* Taiga Bean Goose Anser fabalis fabalis WM PM
A,E* Pink-footed Goose Anser brachyrhynchus WM
A,E Tundra Bean Goose Anser serrirostris rossicus PM
A,E* White-fronted Goose Greater White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons European albifrons PM
Greenland flavirostris WM
A,E* Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus V
A,C2 Mute Swan Cygnus olor RB
A ,E Bewick's Swan Tundra Swan Cygnus columbianus bewickii WM PM
A,E* Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus CB WM
C1,C5.2,E* Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiaca V
A Shelduck Common Shelduck Tadorna tadorna MB RB PM
B,D,E* Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea SM
C1,E* Mandarin Duck Aix galericulata NB
A,E Baikal Teal Sibirionetta formosa V
A Garganey Spatula querquedula MB PM
A,E* Blue-winged Teal Spatula discors SM
A Shoveler Northern Shoveler Spatula clypeata MB WM PM
A,C2,E* Gadwall Mareca strepera strepera NB RB WM PM
A, E Falcated Duck Mareca falcata V
A,E* Wigeon Eurasian Wigeon Mareca penelope RB WM PM
A,E American Wigeon Mareca americana SM
A,C2C4,E* Mallard Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos RB WM
A Black Duck American Black Duck Anas rubripes V
A,E Pintail Northern Pintail Anas acuta RB/MB WM
A Teal Eurasian Teal Anas crecca RB WM PM
A Green-winged Teal Anas carolinensis SM
A,C2,E* Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina SM
A,E Canvasback Aythya valisineria V
A,E* Pochard Common Pochard Aythya ferina RB/MB WM PM
A,E Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca V
A,E Ring-necked Duck Aythya collaris HB? SM
A Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula RB MB WM PM
A Scaup Greater Scaup Aythya marila marila CB WM PM
A Lesser Scaup Aythya affinis SM
A Steller's Eider Polysticta stelleri V
A King Eider Somateria spectabilis SM
A Eider Common Eider Somateria mollissima mollissima RB WM
A Harlequin Duck Histrionicus histrionicus V
A Surf Scoter Melanitta perspicillata WM PM
A Velvet Scoter Melanitta fusca WM PM
A White-winged Scoter Melanitta deglandi V
A Common Scoter Melanitta nigra RB/MB WM PM
A Black Scoter Melanitta americana V
A Long-tailed Duck Clangula hyemalis WM
A,E Bufflehead Bucephala albeola V
A,E* Goldeneye Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula clangula RB WM PM
A,E Barrow's Goldeneye Bucephala islandica V
A Smew Mergellus albellus WM
A Hooded Merganser Lophodytes cucullatus V
A Goosander Common Merganser Mergus merganser merganser RB WM
A Red-breasted Merganser Mergus serrator RB WM
C1,E* Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis jamaicensis NB
A Red Grouse Willow Ptarmigan Lagopus lagopus scotica RB
A Ptarmigan Rock Ptarmigan Lagopus muta millaisi RB ENDEMIC
C3,E* Capercaillie Western Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus urogallus FB NB
A,E Black Grouse Lyrurus tetrix britannicus RB
A,C2,E* Grey Partridge Perdix perdix perdix FB
intraspecific hybrids as result of introductions NB
C1,E* Golden Pheasant Chrysolophus pictus FB
C1,E* Pheasant Common Pheasant Phasianus colchicus colchicus NB
torquatus FNB
intraspecific hybrids NB
A,E Quail Common Quail Coturnix coturnix coturnix MB PM
C1,E* Red-legged Partridge Alectoris rufa rufa NB
A Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor minor (presumed) V
A Nightjar European Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus europaeus MB PM
A White-throated Needletail Hirundapus caudacutus caudacutus V
A Chimney Swift Chaetura pelagica V
A Alpine Swift Tachymarptis melba melba SM
A Swift Common Swift Apus apus apus MB PM
A Pallid Swift Apus pallidus subspecies undetermined V
A Pacific Swift Apus pacificus subspecies undetermined V
A Little Swift Apus affinis galilejensis (presumed) V
A,E* Great Bustard Otis tarda tarda FB V
B Macqueen's Bustard Chlamydotis macqueenii V
A Little Bustard Tetrax tetrax V
A Great Spotted Cuckoo Clamator glandarius V
A Yellow-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus americanus V
A Black-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus erythropthalmus V
A Cuckoo Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus canorus MB PM
A Pallas's Sandgrouse Syrrhaptes paradoxus FB V
A,C4,E* Rock Dove Columba livia livia RB
A Stock Dove Columba oenas oenas RB PM WM
A Woodpigeon Common Wood Pigeon Columba palumbus palumbus RB PM WM
A Turtle Dove European Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur turtur FB PM
A Oriental Turtle Dove Streptopelia orientalis meena V
A Collared Dove Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto decaocto RB PM
A Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura carolinensis (presumed) V
A Water Rail Rallus aquaticus aquaticus RB PM WM
A,E* Corncrake Corn Crake Crex crex MB PM
A Sora Rail Sora Porzana carolina V
A Spotted Crake Porzana porzana MB (or CB) PM
A Moorhen Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus chloropus RB WM
A Coot Eurasian Coot Fulica atra atra RB WM
A American Coot Fulica americana americana V
A Allen's Gallinule Porphyrio alleni V
A Baillon's Crake Zapornia pusilla intermedia V
A Little Crake Zapornia parva V
A Sandhill Crane Antigone canadensis subspecies undetermined V
A,E* Crane Common Crane Grus grus NB PM
A Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis ruficollis RB MB WM
A Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps podiceps (presumed) V
A Red-necked Grebe Podiceps grisegena grisegena CB WM
American holbollii V
A Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus cristatus RB WM
A Slavonian Grebe Horned Grebe Podiceps auritus auritus RB WM
A Black-necked Grebe Podiceps nigricollis nigricollis RB MB WM PM
A Stone-curlew Eurasian Stone-curlew Burhinus oedicnemus oedicnemus SM
A Oystercatcher Eurasian Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus ostralegus RB MB WM PM
A Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus V
A,E Avocet Pied Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta SM
A Lapwing Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus RB MB PM WM
A Sociable Plover Sociable Lapwing Vanellus gregarius V
A White-tailed Plover White-tailed Lapwing Vanellus leucurus V
A Golden Plover European Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria RB MB WM PM
A Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva SM
A American Golden Plover Pluvialis dominica SM
A Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola squatarola PM WM
A Ringed Plover Common Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula Common hiaticula RB MB PM WM
psammodromus PM
Tundra tundrae PM WM?
A Semipalmated Plover Charadrius semipalmatus V
A Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius curonicus MB PM
A Killdeer Charadrius vociferus vociferus V
A Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus alexandrinus SM
A Lesser Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus mongolus/stegmanni V
A Greater Sand Plover Charadrius leschenaultii subspecies undetermined V
A Caspian Plover Charadrius asiaticus V
A Dotterel Eurasian Dotterel Charadrius morinellus MB PM
A Upland Sandpiper Bartramia longicauda V
A Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus islandicus MB PM
phaeopus PM
A Hudsonian Whimbrel Numenius hudsonicus subspecies undetermined V
B Eskimo Curlew Numenius borealis V
A Curlew Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata arquata RB MB PM WM
A Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica lapponica PM WM
A Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa Continental limosa V
Icelandic islandica MB PM WM
A Hudsonian Godwit Limosa haemastica V
A Turnstone Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres interpres PM WM
A Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris V
A Knot Red Knot Calidris canutus islandica PM WM
A Ruff Calidris pugnax CB PM WM
A Broad-billed Sandpiper Calidris falcinellus falcinellus SM
A Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris acuminata V
A Stilt Sandpiper Calidris himantopus V
A Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea PM WM
A Temminck's Stint Calidris temminckii CB PM
A Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis V
A Sanderling Calidris alba alba PM WM
A Dunlin Calidris alpina Northern alpina PM WM
Southern schinzii MB PM
Greenland arctica PM
A Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima CB PM WM
A Baird's Sandpiper Calidris bairdii SM
A Little Stint Calidris minuta PM
A Least Sandpiper Calidris minutilla V
A White-rumped Sandpiper Calidris fuscicollis PM
A Buff-breasted Sandpiper Calidris subruficollis PM
A Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos PM
A Semipalmated Sandpiper Calidris pusilla SM
A Western Sandpiper Calidris mauri V
A Long-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus scolopaceus SM
A Short-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus griseus subspecies undetermined V
A Woodcock Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rusticola RB MB PM WM
A Jack Snipe Lymnocryptes minimus PM WM
A Great Snipe Gallinago media SM
A Snipe Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago Common gallinago RB MB PM WM
Faeroe faeroeensis RB MB PM WM
A Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus V
A Wilson's Phalarope Phalaropus tricolor SM
A Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus MB PM
A Grey Phalarope Red Phalarope Phalaropus fulicarius PM WM
A Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos MB PM WM
A Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macularius CB SM
A Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus CB PM WM
A Solitary Sandpiper Tringa solitaria subspecies undetermined V
A Grey-tailed Tattler Tringa brevipes V
A Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa flavipes SM
A Redshank Common Redshank Tringa totanus European totanus RB MB PM WM
Icelandic robusta PM WM
A Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis V
A Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola CB PM
A Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus PM WM
A Greenshank Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia RB MB PM WM
A Greater Yellowlegs Tringa melanoleuca V
A Cream-coloured Courser Cream-colored Courser Cursorius cursor cursor V
A Collared Pratincole Glareola pratincola pratincola V
A Black-winged Pratincole Glareola nordmanni V
A Kittiwake Black-legged Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla tridactyla RB MB PM WM
A Ivory Gull Pagophila eburnea SM
A Sabine's Gull Xema sabini PM
A Bonaparte's Gull Chroicocephalus philadelphia SM
A Black-headed Gull Common Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus RB MB PM WM
A Little Gull Hydrocoloeus minutus PM WM
A Ross's Gull Rhodostethia rosea SM
A Laughing Gull Leucophaeus atricilla subspecies undetermined SM
A Franklin's Gull Leucophaeus pipixcan V
A Mediterranean Gull Ichthyaetus melanocephalus PM WM
A Common Gull Mew Gull Larus canus canus RB MB PM WM
A Ring-billed Gull Larus delawarensis HB SM WM
A Great Black-backed Gull Larus marinus RB PM WM
A Glaucous-winged Gull Larus glaucescens V
A Glaucous Gull Larus hyperboreus hyperboreus PM WM
A Iceland Gull Larus glaucoides glaucoides PM WM
Kumlien's kumlieni SM
Thayer's thayeri V
A Herring Gull European Herring Gull Larus argentatus Scandinavian argentatus PM WM
Western argenteus RB PM WM
A American Herring Gull Larus smithsonianus V
A Caspian Gull Larus cachinnans V
A Yellow-legged Gull Larus michahellis michahellis SM
Azorean Yellow-legged Gull atlantis V
A Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus Western graellsii RB MB PM WM
Continental intermedius PM WM
A Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica nilotica V
A Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia SM
A Royal Tern Thalasseus maximus V
A Lesser Crested Tern Thalasseus bengalensis emigratus V
A Sandwich Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis MB PM
A Little Tern Sternula albifrons albifrons MB PM
A Bridled Tern Onychoprion anaethetus subspecies undetermined V
A Sooty Tern Onychoprion fuscatus fuscatus V
A Roseate Tern Sterna dougallii dougallii MB PM
A Common Tern Sterna hirundo hirundo MB PM
A Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea MB PM
A Forster's Tern Sterna forsteri V
A Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida hybrida V
A White-winged Black Tern White-winged Tern Chlidonias leucopterus SM
A Black Tern Chlidonias niger niger PM
American surinamensis V
A Great Skua Stercorarius skua MB PM
A Pomarine Skua Pomarine Jaeger Stercorarius pomarinus PM WM
A Arctic Skua Parasitic Jaeger Stercorarius parasiticus MB PM
A Long-tailed Skua Long-tailed Jaeger Stercorarius longicaudus longicaudus CB PM
A Little Auk Alle alle alle PM WM
Franz Josef Land polaris V
A Brünnich's Guillemot Thick-billed Murre Uria lomvia lomvia (presumed) SM
A Common Guillemot Common Murre Uria aalge Northern aalge RB MB WM
Southern albionis RB MB WM
A Razorbill Alca torda British islandica RB MB WM
Northern torda WM
B Great Auk Pinguinus impennis Extinct FB
A Black Guillemot Cepphus grylle arcticus RB
A Puffin Atlantic Puffin Fratercula arctica RB MB PM WM
A Red-throated Diver Red-throated Loon Gavia stellata MB RB WM PM
A Black-throated Diver Black-throated Loon Gavia arctica arctica MB RB WM
A Pacific Diver Pacific Loon Gavia pacifica V
A Great Northern Diver Common Loon Gavia immer CB WM
A White-billed Diver Yellow-billed Loon Gavia adamsii SM
A Wilson's Petrel Wilson's Storm Petrel Oceanites oceanicus subspecies undetermined V
B White-faced Storm Petrel Pelagodroma marina hypoleuca V
A Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophris V
A Storm Petrel European Storm Petrel Hydrobates pelagicus pelagicus MB PM
A Swinhoe's Petrel Swinhoe's Storm Petrel Oceanodroma monorhis V
A Leach's Petrel Leach's Storm Petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa leucorhoa MB PM
A Fulmar Northern Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis glacialis RB MB PM
A White-chinned Petrel Procellaria aequinoctialis V
A Scopoli's Shearwater Calonectris diomedia V
A Cory's Shearwater Calonectris borealis PM
A Sooty Shearwater Ardenna grisea PM
A Great Shearwater Ardenna gravis PM
A Manx Shearwater Puffinus puffinus MB PM
A Balearic Shearwater Puffinus mauretanicus PM
A Barolo Shearwater Puffinus baroli V
A,E Black Stork Ciconia nigra V
A,E White Stork Ciconia ciconia ciconia FB SM
A Ascension Frigatebird Fregata aquila V
A Gannet Northern Gannet Morus bassanus MB RB PM
A Cormorant Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo Atlantic carbo RB MB
Continental sinensis SM
A Shag European Shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis aristotelis RB
A,E Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus SM
A,E Spoonbill Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia leucorodia CB SM
A Bittern Eurasian Bittern Botaurus stellaris stellaris FB PM
A American Bittern Botaurus lentiginosus V
A Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus minutus SM
A,E* Night-heron Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax nycticorax SM
A Green Heron Butorides virescens virescens (presumed) V
A Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides V
A,E Cattle Egret Western Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis V
A Grey Heron Ardea cinerea cinerea RB WM
A Purple Heron Ardea purpurea purpurea SM
A Great White Egret Great Egret Ardea alba alba PM
A Snowy Egret Egretta thula subspecies undetermined V
A Little Egret Egretta garzetta garzetta PM
A,E* Osprey Pandion haliaetus haliaetus MB PM
A Honey-buzzard European Honey Buzzard Pernis apivorus MB PM
A Short-toed Eagle Short-toed Snake Eagle Circaetus gallicus V
A,E Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos chrysaetos RB
A Sparrowhawk Eurasian Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus nisus RB PM WM?
A,C3,E Goshawk Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis gentilis FB NB PM
A Marsh Harrier Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus aeruginosus MB PM WM?
A Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus RB MB PM WM
A Northern Harrier Circus hudsonius V
A Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus SM
A Montagu's Harrier Circus pygargus CB PM
A,C3,E* Red Kite Milvus milvus milvus FB NB HB WM PM
A,E Black Kite Milvus migrans migrans HB SM
A,C3,E* White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla albicilla FB NB SM
A Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus rufinus V
A,E Rough-legged Buzzard Buteo lagopus lagopus WM PM
A,E* Buzzard Common Buzzard Buteo buteo buteo RB PM?
A,E* Barn Owl Western Barn Owl Tyto alba alba RB
Dark-breasted guttata SM
A Tengmalm's Owl Boreal Owl Aegolius funereus funereus V
C1,E* Little Owl Athene noctua vidalii CB SM
A Hawk Owl Northern Hawk-Owl Surnia ulula European ulula V
A Scops Owl Eurasian Scops Owl Otus scops scops SM
A Long-eared Owl Asio otus otus RB PM WM
A Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus flammeus RB MB PM WM
A,E Snowy Owl Bubo scandiacus CB SM
A Tawny Owl Strix aluco sylvatica RB
A,E Hoopoe Eurasian Hoopoe Upupa epops epops PM
A Roller European Roller Coracias garrulus garrulus SM
A Kingfisher Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis ispida RB
A Belted Kingfisher Megaceryle alcyon V
A Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Merops persicus persicus V
A Bee-eater European Bee-eater Merops apiaster CB SM
A Wryneck Eurasian Wryneck Jynx torquilla torquilla CB PM
A Lesser Spotted Woodpecker Dryobates minor subspecies undetermined V
A Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major Northern major PM WM
British anglicus RB
A Green Woodpecker European Green Woodpecker Picus viridis viridis RB
A Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni V
A Kestrel Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus tinnunculus RB MB PM WM
A,E American Kestrel Falco sparverius sparverius V
A Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus SM
A Eleonora's Falcon Falco eleonorae V
A Merlin Falco columbarius aesalon RB MB PM WM
Icelandic subaesalon PM WM
Taiga columbarius V
A Hobby Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo subbuteo MB PM
A,E Gyr Falcon Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus SM
A,E Peregrine Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus peregrinus RB WM PM
C1,E Ring-necked Parakeet Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri naturalised birds show characters of borealis and manillensis NB
A Yellow-bellied Flycatcher Empidonax flaviventris V
A Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus V
A Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus cristatus V
A Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio CB PM
A Daurian Shrike Isabelline Shrike Lanius isabellinus isabellinus SM
A Turkestan Shrike Red-tailed shrike Lanius phoenicuroides
A Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach subspecies undetermined V
A Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor SM
A Great Grey Shrike Lanius excubitor excubitor WM PM
Steppe Grey pallidrostris V
A Woodchat Shrike Lanius senator senator PM
Balearic badius V
A Masked Shrike Lanius nubicus V
A Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus olivaceus (presumed) V
A Golden Oriole Eurasian Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus PM
A Jay Eurasian Jay Garrulus glandarius rufitergum RB
A Magpie Eurasian Magpie Pica pica pica RB
A Nutcracker Spotted Nutcracker Nucifraga caryocatactes macrorhynchos V
A,E Chough Red-billed Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax RB
A Jackdaw Western Jackdaw Coloeus monedula Nordic monedula WM
Western spermologus RB WM
A Rook Corvus frugilegus frugilegus RB WM
A Carrion Crow Corvus corone corone RB WM
A Hooded Crow Corvus cornix cornix RB WM
A Raven Northern Raven Corvus corax corax RB
A,E Waxwing Bohemian Waxwing Bombycilla garrulus garrulus WM
A,E Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum V
A Coal Tit Periparus ater Continental ater SM
British britannicus RB
A Crested Tit Lophophanes cristatus scoticus RB ENDEMIC
A Marsh Tit Poecile palustris dresseri RB
A Willow Tit Poecile montanus kleinschmidti RB
A Blue Tit Eurasian Blue Tit Cyanistes caeruleus Continental caeruleus SM
British obscurus RB
A Great Tit Parus major Continental major PM WM
British newtoni RB
A Bearded Tit Bearded Reedling Panurus biarmicus biarmicus RB SM
A Woodlark Lullula arborea arborea SM WM
A Skylark Eurasian Skylark Alauda arvensis arvensis RB MB PM WM
A,E Crested Lark Galerida cristata cristata V
A Shore Lark Horned Lark Eremophila alpestris flava CB WM PM
North American Horned Lark alpestris/praticola/hoyti V
A Short-toed Lark Greater Short-toed Lark Calandrella brachydactyla subspecies undetermined PM
A Bimaculated Lark Melanocorypha bimaculata V
A Calandra Lark Melanocorypha calandra subspecies undetermined V
A Sand Martin Riparia riparia riparia MB PM
A Tree Swallow Tachycineta bicolor V
A Purple Martin Progne subis subis (presumed) V
A Crag Martin Eurasian Crag Martin Ptyonoprogne rupestris V
A,E Swallow Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica rustica MB PM
A House Martin Common House Martin Delichon urbicum urbicum MB PM
A Red-rumped Swallow Cecropis daurica rufula SM
daurica/japonica V
A Cliff Swallow American Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonota subspecies undetermined V
A Cetti's Warbler Cettia cetti cetti V
A Long-tailed Tit Aegithalos caudatus caudatus V
British Long-tailed Tit rosaceus RB
A Wood Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix MB PM
A Western Bonelli's Warbler Phylloscopus bonelli V
A Eastern Bonelli's Warbler Phylloscopus orientalis V
A Hume's Warbler Hume's Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus humei humei (presumed) SM
A Yellow-browed Warbler Phylloscopus inornatus PM
A Pallas's Warbler Pallas's Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus proregulus PM
A Radde's Warbler Phylloscopus schwarzi SM
A Dusky Warbler Phylloscopus fuscatus fuscatus PM
A Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus trochilus MB PM
Northern acredula MB? PM
A Chiffchaff Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita collybita MB PM WM
Scandinavian abietinus PM WM
Siberian tristis PM WM
A Iberian Chiffchaff Phylloscopus ibericus V
A Green Warbler Phylloscopus nitidus V
A Two-barred Greenish Warbler Two-barred Warbler Phylloscopus plumbeitarsus V
A Greenish Warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides viridanus SM
A Arctic Warbler Phylloscopus borealis borealis (presumed) SM
A Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus arundinaceus SM
A Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola SM
A Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus MB PM
A Paddyfield Warbler Acrocephalus agricola septimus (presumed) SM
A Blyth's Reed Warbler Acrocephalus dumetorum PM
A Reed Warbler Common Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus scirpaceus MB PM
Caspian fuscus V
A Marsh Warbler Acrocephalus palustris CB PM
A Thick-billed Warbler Iduna aedon aedon (presumed) V
A Booted Warbler Iduna caligata SM
A Sykes's Warbler Iduna rama V
A Eastern Olivaceous Warbler Iduna pallida elaeica V
A Olive-tree Warbler Hippolais olivetorum V
A Melodious Warbler Hippolais polyglotta SM
A Icterine Warbler Hippolais icterina CB PM
A Pallas's Grasshopper Warbler Helopsaltes certhiola rubescens SM
A Lanceolated Warbler Locustella lanceolata lanceolata (presumed) SM
A River Warbler Locustella fluviatilis SM
A Savi's Warbler Locustella luscinioides luscinioides V
A Grasshopper Warbler Common Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naevia naevia MP PM
Eastern straminea V
A Blackcap Eurasian Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla atricapilla MB PM WM
A Garden Warbler Sylvia borin borin MB PM
A Barred Warbler Curruca nisoria nisoria PM
A Lesser Whitethroat Curruca curruca curruca MB PM
Siberian blythi PM
Central Asian halimodendri V
A Western Orphean Warbler Curruca hortensis hortensis (presumed) V
A Rüppell's Warbler Curruca ruppeli V
A Sardinian Warbler Curruca melanocephala melanocephala V
A Western Subalpine Warbler Curruca iberiae V
A Moltoni's Subalpine Warbler Moltoni's Warbler Curruca subalpina V
A Eastern Subalpine Warbler Curruca cantillans cantillans V
A Whitethroat Common Whitethroat Curruca communis communis MB PM
A Marmora's Warbler Curruca sarda V
A Dartford Warbler Curruca undata subspecies undetermined V
A Ruby-crowned Kinglet Corthylio calendula V
A Firecrest Common Firecrest Regulus ignicapilla ignicapilla PM WM
A Goldcrest Regulus regulus regulus RB PM WM
A Wren Eurasian Wren Troglodytes troglodytes European troglodytes PM
Shetland zetlandicus RB ENDEMIC
Fair Isle fridariensis RB ENDEMIC
Hebridean hebridensis RB ENDEMIC
St Kilda hirtensis RB ENDEMIC
British indigenus RB
A Nuthatch Eurasian Nuthatch Sitta europaea caesia RB
A Treecreeper Eurasian Treecreeper Certhia familiaris Northern familiaris V
British britannica RB
A,E Rose-coloured Starling Rosy Starling Pastor roseus SM
A Starling Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris RB WM PM
Shetland zetlandicus RB ENDEMIC
A Varied Thrush Ixoreus naevius subspecies undetermined V
A Swainson's Thrush Catharus ustulatus subspecies undetermined V
A Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus faxoni (presumed) V
A Grey-cheeked Thrush Catharus minimus subspecies undetermined V
A Veery Catharus fuscescens subspecies undetermined V
A White's Thrush Zoothera aurea aurea SM
A,E Siberian Thrush Geokichla sibirica subspecies undetermined V
A Song Thrush Turdus philomelos Continental philomelos PM WV
British clarkei RB MB
Hebridean hebridensis RB MB? ENDEMIC
A Mistle Thrush Turdus viscivorus viscivorus RB MB? PM WM
A Redwing Turdus iliacus Continental iliacus CB WM PM
Icelandic coburni CB? WM PM
A Blackbird Common Blackbird Turdus merula merula RB MB? PM WM
A Eyebrowed Thrush Turdus obscurus V
A Fieldfare Turdus pilaris CB WM PM
A Ring Ouzel Turdus torquatus torquatus MB PM
A Black-throated Thrush Turdus atrogularis SM
A Dusky Thrush Turdus eunomus V
A American Robin Turdus migratorius migratorius V
A Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata striata MB PM
A Asian Brown Flycatcher Muscicapa dauurica dauurica V
A Robin European Robin Erithacus rubecula Continental rubecula CB PV WM?
British melophilus RB MB
A Siberian Blue Robin Larvivora cyane bochaiensis (presumed) V
A Rufous-tailed Robin Larvivora sibilans subspecies undetermined V
A Bluethroat Luscinia svecica Red-spotted svecica CB PM
White-spotted cyanecula SM
A Thrush Nightingale Luscinia luscinia SM
A Nightingale Common Nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos megarhynchos SM
Eastern golzii V
A Siberian Rubythroat Calliope calliope calliope (presumed) V
A,E Red-flanked Bluetail Tarsiger cyanurus SM
A Taiga Flycatcher Ficedula albicilla V
A Red-breasted Flycatcher Ficedula parva PM
A Pied Flycatcher European Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca hypoleuca MB PM
A Collared Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis SM
A Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros gibraltariensis CB PM WM
Eastern phoenicuroides/rufiventris V
A Redstart Common Redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus phoenicurus MB PM
A Rock Thrush Common Rock Thrush Monticola saxatilis V
A,E Blue Rock Thrush Monticola solitarius subspecies undetermined V
A Whinchat Saxicola rubetra MB PM
A Stonechat European Stonechat Saxicola rubicola British hibernans RB MB
A Siberian Stonechat Saxicola maurus maurus V
Caspian hemprichii V
A Stejneger's Stonechat Amur Stonechat Saxicola stejnegeri V
A Wheatear Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe oenanthe MB PM
Greenland leucorhoa PM
A Isabelline Wheatear Oenanthe isabellina V
A Desert Wheatear Oenanthe deserti undetermined SM
Levant deserti V
Western homochroa V
A Western Black-eared Wheatear Oenanthe hispanica V
A Eastern Black-eared Wheatear Oenanthe melanoleuca V
A Pied Wheatear Oenanthe pleschanka SM
A Dipper White-throated Dipper Cinclus cinclus Black-bellied cinclus SM
British gularis RB
Irish hibernicus RB
A Tree Sparrow Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus montanus RB PM
A Spanish Sparrow Passer hispaniolensis hispaniolensis (presumed) V
A House Sparrow Passer domesticus domesticus RB
A Alpine Accentor Prunella collaris collaris V
A Siberian Accentor Prunella montanella subspecies undetermined V
A Dunnock Prunella modularis Continental modularis PM WM
Hebridean hebridium RB
British occidentalis RB
A Yellow Wagtail Western Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava Blue-headed flava CB PM
Yellow flavissima MB PM
Grey-headed thunbergi CB PM
Black-headed feldegg V
A Eastern Yellow Wagtail Motacilla tschutschensis subspecies undetermined V
A Citrine Wagtail Motacilla citreola citreola SM
A Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea cinerea RB MB PM
A Pied Wagtail White Wagtail Motacilla alba White alba CB PM
Pied yarrellii MB RB
East Siberian ocularis V
A Richard's Pipit Anthus richardi PM
A Blyth's Pipit Anthus godlewskii V
A Tawny Pipit Anthus campestris SM
A Meadow Pipit Anthus pratensis MB RB PM
A Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis trivialis MB PM
A Olive-backed Pipit Anthus hodgsoni yunnanensis PM
A Pechora Pipit Anthus gustavi gustavi SM
A Red-throated Pipit Anthus cervinus PM
A Buff-bellied Pipit Anthus rubescens rubescens V
A Water Pipit Anthus spinoletta spinoletta PM WM
A Rock Pipit Eurasian Rock Pipit Anthus petrosus British petrosus RB
Scandinavian littoralis PM WM
A,E Chaffinch Common Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs Continental coelebs WM PM
British gengleri RB
A Brambling Fringilla montifringilla CB WM
A Evening Grosbeak Hesperiphona vespertina vespertina (presumed) V
A Hawfinch Coccothraustes coccothraustes coccothraustes RB PM
A,E Pine Grosbeak Pinicola enucleator enucleator V
A Bullfinch Eurasian Bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula Northern pyrrhula PM
British pileata RB
A,E Trumpeter Finch Bucanetes githagineus subspecies undetermined V
A Common Rosefinch Carpodacus erythrinus erythrinus CB PM
A,E Greenfinch European Greenfinch Chloris chloris chloris RB WM
A Twite Linaria flavirostris pipilans RB MB
A Linnet Common Linnet Linaria cannabina Eurasian cannabina CB? PM
Scottish autochthona RB MB ENDEMIC
A Common Redpoll Acanthis flammea Mealy flammea WM PM
Greater rostrata PM
A Lesser Redpoll Acanthis cabaret RB MB
A Arctic Redpoll Acanthis hornemanni Hornemann's hornemanni SM
Coues's exilipes SM
A Parrot Crossbill Loxia pytyopsittacus RB SM
A Scottish Crossbill Loxia scotica RB ENDEMIC
A Crossbill Red Crossbill Loxia curvirostra curvirostra RB MB WM PM
A Two-barred Crossbill Loxia leucoptera bifasciata SM
A Goldfinch European Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis britannica RB WM
A Citril Finch Carduelis citrinella V
A Serin European Serin Serinus serinus V
A Siskin Eurasian Siskin Spinus spinus RB MB WM PM
A Lapland Bunting Lapland Longspur Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus CB PM WM
subcalcaratus PM WV
A Snow Bunting Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis RB PM WM
Icelandic insulae RB PM WM
A Corn Bunting Emberiza calandra calandra RB PM WM
A Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella Continental citrinella PM
Western caliginosa RB
A Pine Bunting Emberiza leucocephalos leucocephalos V
A,E Ortolan Bunting Emberiza hortulana PM
A Cretzschmar's Bunting Emberiza caesia V
A Cirl Bunting Emberiza cirlus V
A Chestnut-eared Bunting Emberiza fucata fucata V
A Little Bunting Emberiza pusilla PM
A Yellow-browed Bunting Emberiza chrysophrys V
A Rustic Bunting Emberiza rustica PM
A Yellow-breasted Bunting Emberiza aureola aureola SM
A Chestnut Bunting Emberiza rutila V
A,E Black-headed Bunting Emberiza melanocephala SM
A Black-faced Bunting Emberiza spodocephala spodocephala (presumed) V
A Pallas's Reed Bunting Emberiza pallasi polaris (presumed) V
A Reed Bunting Common Reed Bunting Emberiza schoeniclus schoeniclus RB PM WM
A,E Dark-eyed Junco Junco hyemalis hyemalis V
A,E White-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys V
A,E White-throated Sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis V
A Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis labradorius V
A,E Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia subspecies undetermined V
A Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus V
A,E Baltimore Oriole Icterus galbula V
A,E Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus subspecies undetermined V
A Brown-headed Cowbird Molothrus ater subspecies undetermined V
A Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapilla aurocapilla V
A Black-and-white Warbler Mniotilta varia V
A Tennessee Warbler Leiothlypis peregrina V
A Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas subspecies undetermined V
A Hooded Warbler Setophaga citrina V
A,E American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla V
A,E Cape May Warbler Setophaga tigrina V
A Northern Parula Setophaga americana V
A,E Magnolia Warbler Setophaga magnolia V
A Blackburnian Warbler Setophaga fusca V
A Yellow Warbler American Yellow Warbler Setophaga aestiva aestiva V
A Chestnut-sided Warbler Setophaga pensylvanica V
A,E Blackpoll Warbler Setophaga striata V
A Yellow-rumped Warbler Myrtle Warbler Setophaga coronata coronata (presumed) V
A Wilson's Warbler Cardellina pusilla pusilla (presumed) V
A Scarlet Tanager Piranga olivacea V
A Rose-breasted Grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus V

Totals

Category A 539
Category B 5
Category C 9
Category A/B/C 553
Category D 10

APPENDIX 1: Species groups not included in the systematic list

Records for the following species groups cannot safely be identified to species level and thus do not form part of the species totals:

A Zino's Petrel (Madeira Petrel)/Fea's Petrel/ Desertas Petrel Pterodroma madeira/Pterodroma feae/Pterodroma deserta V
A Western Orphean Warbler or Eastern Orphean Warbler Curruca hortensis/Curruca crassirostris V

APPENDIX 2: Category D

Category D does not form any part of the Scottish List and is included here for information only.

Category Species name Scientific species name (binomen)
D,E* Ross's Goose Anser rossii
D Wood Duck Aix sponsa
D Falcated Duck Mareca falcata
D Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus
D,E White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus
D Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus
D Saker Falcon Falco cherrug
D Daurian Starling Agropsar sturninus
D,E Yellow-headed Blackbird Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus
D Red-headed Bunting Emberiza bruniceps

References

British Ornithologists' Union (BOU). 1971. The Status of Birds in Britain and Ireland. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

British Ornithologists' Union (BOU). 1992. Checklist of Birds of Britain and Ireland. 6th Edition. London: Helm Information Ltd.

British Ornithologists' Union (BOU). 2006. The British List: A Checklist of Birds of Britain (7th edition). Ibis 148: 526-563.

British Ornithologists' Union (BOU). 2013. The British List: A Checklist of Birds of Britain (8th edition). Ibis 155: 635-676.

British Ornithologists' Union (BOU). 2018. The British List: A Checklist of Birds of Britain (9th edition). Ibis 160: 190-240.

British Ornithologists' Union (BOU). 2022. The British List: A Checklist of Birds of Britain (10th edition). Ibis 164: 860–910.

British Ornithologists' Union (BOU). 2022. British Ornithologists' Union Records Committee (BOURC): 54th Report (July 2022). Ibis 164: 929-931.

British Ornithologists' Union (BOU). 2023. British Ornithologists' Union Records Committee (BOURC): 55th Report (January 2023). Ibis 165: 360-363.

Forrester, RW on behalf of Scottish List Subcommittee, Scottish Birds Records Committee 2011. The Scottish List. The official list of birds recorded in Scotland. Scottish Birds 31: Supplement 1.

Forrester, RW on behalf of Scottish List Subcommittee, Scottish Birds Records Committee 2013. Amendments to the Scottish List: species and subspecies. Scottish Birds 33: 16-30.

Forrester, RW on behalf of Scottish List Subcommittee, Scottish Birds Records Committee 2014. Amendments to the Scottish List: species and subspecies. Scottish Birds 34: 211-217.

Forrester, RW on behalf of Scottish List Subcommittee, Scottish Birds Records Committee 2015. Amendments to the Scottish List: species and subspecies. Scottish Birds 35: 195-198.

Forrester, RW on behalf of Scottish List Subcommittee, Scottish Birds Records Committee 2016. Amendments to the Scottish List: species and subspecies. Scottish Birds 36: 199-202.

Forrester, RW on behalf of Scottish List Subcommittee, Scottish Birds Records Committee 2017. Amendments to the Scottish List: species and subspecies. Scottish Birds 37: 202-204.

Forrester, RW on behalf of Scottish List Subcommittee, Scottish Birds Records Committee 2018. Amendments to the Scottish List: species and subspecies. Scottish Birds 38: 232-238.

Forrester, RW on behalf of Scottish List Subcommittee, Scottish Birds Records Committee 2019. Amendments to the Scottish List: species and subspecies. Scottish Birds 39: 200-201.

Forrester, RW on behalf of Scottish List Subcommittee, Scottish Birds Records Committee 2020. Amendments to the Scottish List: species and subspecies. Scottish Birds 40: 212-215.

Forrester, RW on behalf of Scottish List Subcommittee, Scottish Birds Records Committee 2021. Amendments to the Scottish List: species and subspecies. Scottish Birds 41: 291-294.

Lewis, M on behalf of the Scottish Birds Records Committee 2023. www.the-soc.org.uk/bird-recording/the-scottish-list

Gill, F & Donsker, D. (Eds). 2023. IOC World Bird List (version 12.2).

Gill, F & Wright, M on behalf of the International Ornithological Congress. 2006. Birds of the World: recommended English names. Christopher Helm, London.

Marine Scotland. 2017. Northern Ireland Zone

UK Government. 2007. The Offshore Marine Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c.) Regulations 2007

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